Extrusion‐Based 3D‐Printed Supercapacitors: Recent Progress and Challenges

Supercapacitors have been regarded as promising power supplies for future electronics due to their high density, superior stability, easy integration, and safety. Extrusion-based three-dimensional printing technologies hold promise satisfy the demands integrated flexible supercapacitors because of highly versatile manufacturing process. In this review article, a comprehensive timely these state-of-the-art is presented. We start with brief introduction fundamental concepts supercapacitors, including energy storage mechanisms device structures. Then, latest progress extrusion-based (e.g., fused deposition modeling, inkjet printing, direct ink writing) along applications summarized. The choice printable materials graphene, carbon nanotubes, metal oxides, MXenes), process, resulted electrochemical performances are especially emphasized. Finally, development summarized, existing challenges diagnosed, possible solutions proposed, outlooks forecasted. hope can offer insights further improve performance three-dimensional-printed practical applications.